2 液相色谱(LC)与质谱(MS)联用
质谱已经广泛应用于现代科学技术各个领域,特别是质谱和液相色谱联用后,在生命科学、医学、食品、环境研究等方面更显示出无与伦比的优越性,作为一种简捷、灵敏、准确的痕量分析方法,Mozaz等 [21] 高度肯定了LC-MS方法在河水中农药残留检测中的可行性。
2.1 LC-APCIMS联用 Ren等 [22] 调查了水中ATR和它的DPs的质量浓度。他们采用SPE对过滤水样进行萃取富集,用HPLC-APCIMS对水样中的阿特拉津及其降解产物(DEA、DIA、DEDIA、HYA)进行了检测。阿特拉津及其降解产物的检测线性范围是10~50ng?L -1 。Spilid等 [23] 用LC-APCIMS技术对一些禁用农药进行过地区普查。
2.2 LC-ESIMS联用
Wu等 [24] 采用SPME-HPLC-ESIMS分析方法对自来水、地表水、井水中的极性农药残留进行了检测。研究表明,水样中phenylurea和carbamates的检测限在0.01~1.2μg?L -1 之间。2003年,Nogueira等 [25] 也研究了水样中氨基甲酸酯类农药的检测,检测限达到0.5~3ng?L -1 ,不但远低于欧盟饮用水法则要求,而且低于US EPA8318方法 [26] 。2004年,Nogueira等 [27] 在2001年检测方法上继续报道了用SPE-HPLC-ESI-MS方法对水样中痕量中性农药(cabaryl,carbofu-ran,methomyl,oxamyl,pirimicarb,chlortoluron,diuron,isoproturon,linuron,atrazine,propazine,simazine)进行测定,以建立一种适合研究及一般实验室采用的标准方法,来同时检测饮用水、地下水中含有的12种中性农药,这些农药的仪器检测限为0.1μg?L -1 (除了chlortoluron为0.25μg?L -1 ,diuron和methomyl为0.5μg?L -1 外),最低检测限在0.5~3.0ng?L -1 之间。
2.3 LC-MS/MS
Freitas等 [28] 报道了用LC-ESI-MS/MS技术对水中新型的三酮类(triketone)除草剂,sul-cotrione(磺草酮)、mesotrione(甲基磺草酮)及其他常用除草剂及其降解产物的定量检测,检测限在0.5~10ng?L -1 之间。Asperger等 [1] 采用在线SPE-LC-HPLC-MS/MS联用技术快速检测地表水、饮用水中痕量的极性农药残留。该联用技术在原有在线SPE-LC-HPLC-MS/MS上增加了TFC柱(turbulent-flow omatography columns),用来进行快速的在线固相萃取。取10mL水样富集,整个检测过程耗时小于11min,检测限为0.4~13ng?L -1 。Lagana等 [29] 等采用SPE-LC-MS/MS方法同时测定了麦子、谷类除草剂在环境水中的残留。Bossi等 [30] 在2002年采用SPE-LC-MS/MS方法对采集的雨水样品中的多种农药残留进行了检测。检测化合物被分为两组,酸性化合物用负离子模式分析,碱性化合物用正离子模式检测。这种方法已成功地应用雨水质量的分析上,目前能检测53种化合物(包括农药及其降解产物),检测限均满足欧盟饮用水法则要求。
2.4 LC和其它类型MS联用
Holm等 [31] 结合了柱切换进样量大、耗时短的特点,飞行时间质谱灵敏、质量范围宽、分辨率高、质量检测准等优势设计了LC-TOF-MS联用技术,检测了河水中的rotenone。实验中着重讨论了这一技术的可行性,比较了UV和TOF-MS的检测效果,UV的检测限为0.5~50μg?L -1 ,TOF-MS的检测限为10pg?mL -1 ,比UV检测器灵敏10倍以上。结果表明,LC-TOF-MS联用技术是检测水中rotenone的有力工具,如果和更方便、高效的预富集技术联用,将得到更高的检测限。Grey等 [32] 采用SPE-LC-ESI-IDMS(isotopic dilution mass spectrometry)分析方法对饮用水、地表水、井水中paraquat(百草枯)和diquat(敌草快)残留进行了测定。
3 其 它
对用前面讨论的检测方法无法得到理想检测限的一些农药,如水中的除草剂(propanil,lin-uron,neburondiuron,isoproturon),Muoz等 [33] 用SPE-HPLC-FDF(光诱导荧光)技术对其进行了检测,五种除草剂的检测限达μg?L -1 级。
4 结 语
从LL(液-液萃取)-HPLC,SPE-HPLC,SPME-HPLC到在线LC技术再到LC-MS联用技术,LC分析方法对水样中农药残留量检测的灵敏度已经越来越高,甚至远远超过欧盟饮用水法规要求所规定的最低检测限。这足以显示,在某些方面LC技术不但能和GC技术媲美,而且还具有自己独特的优势。但目前仍然存在很多问题:虽然LC-MS联用技术已趋近成熟,但其检测条件要求高、成本昂贵,一般实验室难以承受离线技术必然造成样品损失,导致测量误差等等。不管怎样,在线富集-HPLC技术是得到廉价、准确、灵敏检测方法的最有效途径,具有很宽广的发展空间。
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